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While drinking and alcohol-use disorders are relatively rare under the age of 10 years, the prevalence increases steeply from the teens to peak in the early 20s. The UK has the highest rate of underage drinking in Western Europe (Hibell et al., 2009). This is of particular concern because alcohol presents particularly serious consequences in young people due to a higher level of vulnerability to the adverse effects of alcohol.
This theory, however, lacks clear experimental support, and the longer-term effects of alcohol worsen these disorders. New technologies are being combined with traditional approaches to identify and track the critical neural circuits in the transition from alcohol use and abuse to https://ecosoberhouse.com/ dependence. Substance dependence on alcohol, or alcoholism, is defined by neuroplasticity that is responsible for phenomena such as sensitization, tolerance, and withdrawal as well as for neuron survival, all of which contribute to the development and maintenance of the disorder.
While no single gene for alcohol dependence has so far been identified, a range of genes that determine brain function have been implicated (Agrawal et al., 2008). More severe alcohol-related liver disease typically reflects physiological dependence on alcohol years of heavy alcohol use. However, elevated liver enzymes that are markers of harm have been found in adolescents with alcohol use disorders and in overweight adolescents who consume more modest amounts of alcohol.
People who binge drink or drink heavily may notice more health effects sooner, but alcohol also poses some risks for people who drink in moderation. Most human and animal research on alcohol and endocrine development has been conducted in females, but the limited data on both genders suggest that alcohol can have substantial effects on neuroendocrine function (see Dees et al. 2001; Emanuele et al. 1998; Emanuele et al. 2002a,b). Human studies have found that alcohol ingestion can lower estrogen levels in adolescent girls (Block et al. 1993) and lower both LH and testosterone levels in midpubertal boys (Diamond et al. 1986; Frias et al. 2000a). In both genders, acute alcohol intoxication produces a decrease in GH levels without significant change in either IGF-1 or insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) (Frias et al. 2000b). Unhealthy alcohol use includes any alcohol use that puts your health or safety at risk or causes other alcohol-related problems. It also includes binge drinking — a pattern of drinking where a male has five or more drinks within two hours or a female has at least four drinks within two hours.
More recent studies have also indicated certain genetic, social, psychological, or environmental factors may also impact the body’s dependency on alcohol. If you drink regularly, alcohol changes the way your liver works, your brain function and creates dependence – meaning you need to drink more to have the same effect. As dependence gets more established, you might find you end up spending most of your time thinking about alcohol or engaging in activities necessary to obtain, consume, or recover from the effects of drinking. It might be surprising to hear that you don’t always have to be drinking to extreme levels to become dependent on alcohol. That’s why, to keep health risks from alcohol to a low level, the UK Chief Medical Officers (CMOs) advise it is safest not to drink more than 14 units a week on a regular basis. Being dependent on alcohol has a range of harmful physical and psychological effects.
In terms of productivity, alcohol contributes to absenteeism, accidents in the workplace and decline in work performance. Up to 17 million working days are lost annually in the UK due to alcohol-related absences and 58,000 working years are lost annually due to premature deaths related to alcohol (Leontaridi, 2003). Alcohol misuse can also lead to job loss and over 38,000 people of working age in England were claiming Incapacity Benefit with a diagnosis of ‘alcoholism’ – nearly 2% of all claimants (Deacon et al., 2007). Alcohol presents particularly serious consequences in young people due to a higher level of vulnerability to the adverse effects of alcohol (see Section 2.12 on special populations). Beyond this, by definition, consuming enough alcohol to cause a “brownout,” “blackout,” hangover, or other overt brain symptomatology is evidence that the alcohol you’ve consumed is creating problems in your brain.
Alcohol is implicated in relationship breakdown, domestic violence and poor parenting, including child neglect and abuse. It is estimated that over 1 million children are affected by parental alcohol misuse and up to 60% of child protection cases involve alcohol (Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, 2003). Alcohol also contributes to unsafe sex and unplanned pregnancy, financial problems and homelessness.
Consider talking with someone who has had a problem with drinking but has stopped. Taking regular breaks from alcohol is the best way to lower your risk of becoming dependent on it. If you’re worried that you have any of these symptoms, talk to a health professional at your GP surgery or seek further information from one of the organisations at the bottom of this page. Whether you struggle with physical or psychological addiction or both, we help you learn the tools you need to overcome at Gateway.
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